Only here in the New Testament is Jesus said to cry ( dakruein) Martha and the sympathetic Jews are said rather to bewail ( klaiein) Lazarus’ death. Later, when the Jews see Jesus weeping, they say that he really loved Lazarus, employing the related verb philein. Now, when Jesus says to the disciples, “our friend Lazarus is asleep,” he indeed uses the word philos. On the whole, the New Testament prefers the vocabulary of kinship-brothers and sisters-to describe bonds among the faithful. Perhaps the classical ideal of friendship, with its emphasis on conventional (and mainly masculine) virtues, was too narrow for a community that fostered universal fellow feeling among believers, or too secular. The Gospels speak of a “friend of sinners” ( Matt 11:19, Luke 7:34), but philos may also be used of ordinary friends, especially in parables (e.g., Luke 11:5). Yet the word is found only once in the New Testament, at Jas 4:4: “friendship with the world is enmity with God.” In turn, philos, or “friend,” occurs relatively rarely (29 times). In classical Greek, the noun philia is the broadest term for “love” (but not in the erotic sense), and when the affection is mutual between two people (most often males) it is regularly translated as “friendship.” Friendship was hugely important in classical society: Aristotle devoted fully one-fifth of his treatise on ethics to philia. Leaving these questions to the theologians, we may ask how Jesus’ feelings for Lazarus reflected attitudes toward friendship in Jesus’ own time. ![]() The Church Fathers and scholars since have wondered whether Jesus experienced genuine grief or a simulation of it-or perhaps both, since he was human and divine. When he becomes aware of Lazarus’s death, Jesus is deeply troubled, as any friend would be, to the point of weeping yet he soon brings him back to life. Yet he then leaves for Jerusalem, though he knows that Lazarus will die, because Lazarus’s death and resurrection will enhance God’s glory. ![]() When he learns that Lazarus is ill, Jesus stays in Bethany two extra days out of affection for him. Was Lazarus Jesus’ friend? Jesus’ love for Lazarus is a familiar human sentiment.
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